The number of 2 minute intervals coded for each variable related to sexual minorities was summed across the intervals in an episode to gauge the frequency with which same sex sexual behavior and talk about nonheterosexual sexual issues occurred within each program episode for purposes of reliability assessment. This summing lead to converting nominal data (i.e., presence/absence) during the 2 moment interval degree into frequency counts during the system level (wide range of periods for which sex that is same behavior took place the episode). Consequently, the reliability analyses utilized the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The ICC is an evaluation associated with percentage of variance into the measures owing to coder agreement corrected for opportunity. For period information including the regularity matters utilized right right right here, the ICC is the same as Krippendorf’s alpha (Krippendorf, 1980).
An ICC of .70 had been utilized since the criterion for appropriate dependability. Both things utilized to measure the existence of nonheterosexual themes significantly surpassed this criterion. The ICC for exact same intercourse behavior that is sexual .97 in year 1 and .99 in 12 months 2. The ICC for speak about nonheterosexual intimate problems had been .89 in 12 months 1 and .95 in 12 months 2.
Information Analyses
To resolve the very first group of research concerns concerning the prevalence of nonheterosexual product on tv, we utilized episode degree data ( e.g., percentages of episodes containing same intercourse intimate behavior and containing speak about intercourse pertaining to nonheterosexuals) and chi square analyses to look at between group distinctions by using these nominal data. When it comes to 2nd pair of research questions, we used just those reveals that included nonheterosexual sexual content and evaluated their regularity across 2 moment periods ( e.g., range periods each hour of system time with nonheterosexual intimate talk). Of these analyses, we used t tests or analysis of variance (ANOVA) to try team distinctions. Significant omnibus F tests had been followed up with post hoc comparisons making use of Tamhane’s T2 test, which doesn’t assume equal cellular size or equal variance, to determine significant distinctions across teams.
Results.Prevalence of Nonheterosexual Sexual Content
About one in six programs inside our examples included any content that is sexualbehavior or talk) associated with nonheterosexuals. The increase that is slight nonheterosexual intimate content through the 2001 2002 period (14.5%) to your 2002 2003 season (17.4%) had been significant, П‡ 2 (1, N = 2715) = 4.15, p dining Table 1 shows the percentage of demonstrates that contained any exact same intercourse intimate behavior and any intimate talk associated with nonheterosexuals by system genres, by variety of community, and also by period of day aired. For system type, the 11 channels were categorized into certainly one of three groups: commercial broadcast (including the 3 major companies ABC, CBS, and NBC in addition to Fox, UPN, and WB), cable music activity (which included BET and MTV), and premium cable film (including Cinemax, HBO, and Showtime). Pertaining to period of time broadcast, shows airing between 3:00 and 8:00 p.m. had been categorized as late afternoon/early night and those shown between 8:00 and 11:00 p.m. were classified as prime time.
Note: Within kind of system and time of day aired, percentages when you look at the column that is same don’t share subscripts vary at p dining Table 1 ). More often than not, there was clearly a high level of communication between a genre’s general ranks for exact exact exact same intercourse behavior that is sexual speak about nonheterosexual intimate problems. Also, genres’ standings on these two factors were fairly stable throughout the two tv periods.
Three genres had been consistently lower in both types of nonheterosexual sexual content: Children’s cartoons (none of which included sexual behavior or intimate talk pertaining to nonheterosexuals in either 12 months), news publications (0% for behavior and talk in 12 months 1; 3.2per cent and 6.5%, correspondingly, for behavior and talk in 12 months 2), and talk programs (0 and 3.0per cent, correspondingly, for behavior and talk in year 1; 2.2 and 8.9percent, correspondingly, for behavior and talk for 12 months 2). 3 Genres that had a tendency to have the best proportions of programs with nonheterosexual content had been variety/comedy and film that is feature. Created for television films and programs classified as “other” also had relatively high proportions with nonheterosexual intimate content; nonetheless, both these groups included just a small amount of programs (letter = 7), rendering it tough to draw conclusions about them. Consequently, although we consist of these latter two genres into the tables, we do not emphasize the findings connected with them.